A.
PASSIVE
VOICE
·
Definition : Passive Voice (Sentences Passive) is the subject of his sentences
are served with a job. In other words, the subject of the sentence is the
target of the activity expressed by the verb.
·
Formula :
1. Simple
Present : Simple present is a verb form to state the facts, habits, or events
that occur at the present time.
Formula :
Active : S + to be (is,am,are)
Passive : S + to be + V3 (Past Participle)
Example :
Active : Students speak English.
Passive : English is spoken by students.
2. Simple
Past : Simple past is a simple form of the verb to indicate that an event
occurred in the past. In the simple past tense, future events (yesterday, last
two days, last year) or the period of time (for two months, for a day, for an
hour) can be specifically mentioned.
Formula :
Active : S + to be (was,were) + V2
Passive : S+ to be + V3
Example :
Active : He met them yesterday.
Passive : They were met by him yesterday.
3. Present
Progressive : Present Progressive can also be called Present Continous is a
form of time used to express an action, state or event that was happening at
the time discussed.
Formula :
Active : S + to be (is,am,are) + V-ing
Passive : S + to be + being + V3
Example :
Active : John is helping Gani.
Passive : Gani is being helped by John.
4. Past
Progressive : past progressive tense is a verb form that is used to indicate
that an action is happening at a particular time in the past. The action has
been initiated but not yet completed at the time.
Formula :
Active : S + to be (was,were)+ V-ing
Passive : S + to be + NOT + being + V3
Example :
Active : Doni was helping Rio.
Passive : Rio was being helped by Doni.
5. Present
Perfect : Present perfect is a verb form used to express an action or situation
that has started in the past and has been completed at a given point in time in
the past or still continues today.
Formula :
Active : S + to be (has,have) + V3
Passive : S + to be + been + V3
Example :
Active : She has watered this plant for a minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for a
minutes.
6. Past
Perfect : Past perfect tense is a verb form that is used to declare that an
action has been completed at some point in the past before another action occurs.
Action which has been completed in the past it may occur repeatedly or only
once.
Formula :
Active : S + to be (had) + V3
Passive : S + to be + been + V3
Example :
Active : Jery had eaten an orange.
Passive : An orange had been eaten by Jery.
B.
CAUSATIVE
VERBS
·
Definition : Causative verbs express an action which is caused to happen. In
other words, when I have something done for me I cause it to happen. In other
words, I do not actually do anything, but ask someone else to do it for me.
This is the sense of causative verbs. Intermediate to advanced level English
learners should study the causative verb as an alternative to the passive
voice.
·
Formula :
1. Make
: ‘Make’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another
person to do something.
Formula : Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of
Verb
Example : The teacher made the students stay after
class.
2. Have
: ‘Have’ as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something
to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about
various services. There are two forms of the causative verb ‘have’
Formula :
a. Subject
+ Have + Person + Base Form of Verb
b. Subject
+ Have + Object + Past Participle
Example :
a. They
had John arrive early.
b. She
had the car washed at the weekend.
Note:
This form is similar in meaning to the passive.
3. Get
: ‘Get’ is used as a causative verb in a similar way as 'have' is used with the
participle. This expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done
for them. The causative verb is often used in a more idiomatic manner than
‘have’.
Formula : Subject + Get + Person + Past Participle
Example : They got their house painted last week.
C.
RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
·
Definition : Relative Pronoun is a
pronoun used to introduce a clause which explains Adjective noun (noun ). The
shape of the Relative Pronoun is : who, roomates, Whom, Whose, and that.
·
Formula :
1. Who
: Has a function as a “subject” that is used to describe Noun - people, and has
the meaning of ‘is’. Who referred to as
the subject pronoun ( such as the use of : I,
he, she , etc )
Example
:
The man who speaks English every day is my grand father.
2. Whom
: Has a function as an “object” that is used to describe noun - person, and has
the meaning of ‘is’. Whom is referred to as an object pronoun (such as the use
of : me, his, her, etc)
Example
: The
woman whom you kissed last night is my sister.
3. Which
: Has a function as “subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – noun or
animal and has the meaning of ‘is’.
Example
: The
movie which we saw last night was very good.
4. Whose
: Has a function as “kepemilikan”, which is used to describe a noun – person. Whose
is used to indicate possession , Whose also have the same meaning like the use
of my, our, their, etc.
Example
: I
know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
5. That
: Has a function as a “subject or object” that is used to describe a noun –
person, noun, and animal. Has the meaning of ‘is’.
Example
: The car that I
bought 3 years ago has been stolen by my own brother.
Sumber :
