1.
Adverbs
·
Definition : Adverb is a word that is used to describe a verb (the verb), adjective
(adjective), or another adverb. English adverb is one of the eight parts of
speech which might form a simple (fast, there, usually), or shaped phrases.
·
The following
are the types and functions of adverbs :
a.
Time (waktu) :
menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa (ex : now, today,
yesterday)
b.
Manner (cara) :
menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau peristiwa yang terjadi (ex :
automatically, beautifully, fast)
c.
Degree (derajat) :
menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh tingkatan atau derajat suatu kegiatan atau
peristiwa (ex : absolutely, barely, really)
d.
Modality (harapan) :
menyatakan tingkat keyakinan atau harapan (ex : likely, maybe, probably)
e.
Frequency :
menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa yang dilakukan atau
terjadi (ex : always, often, rarely)
f.
Place & Direction :
menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa (ex : here,
in, somewhere)
g.
Purpose :
menjawab pertanyaan “why” (ex : for a reason, to buy some clothes)
h.
Focus :
menunjukkan bahwa apa yang dibicarakan terbatas pada bagian yang difokuskan (ex
: also, just, only)
·
Example :
-
Time :
a.
Let’s begin to work now
b.
Yusron always come late
c.
The postman comes daily
-
Manner :
a.
The soldiers fight bravely
b.
The students compete fairly
c.
She started at me curiously
-
Degree :
a.
He came rather
late
b.
She is very beautiful
c.
Rio reads quite clearly
d.
Arie sings pretty
well
-
Frequency :
a.
I often forget
her name
b.
She seldom
visits her mother
c.
I have told you twice
-
Place :
a.
My boss is out
b.
Stay here
c.
She always looks down
2.
NEGATIVE
·
Definition : Negation is a
form of negative statements. We know very well that to form negative sentences
there are several ways, however, so below we will describe the forms of
negation, or other forms of how to form a negative statement.
·
Negative –
Either Neither
Either or neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat
negative.
[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not +
either / neither+ auxiliary + S2]
Neither = not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary
tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.
Example:
- They do not come late
- Brian does not come late
They do not
come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian
Kalimat
pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and
little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.
Example:
-
I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister
-
I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.
Gabungan Setara
Bilamana kata
„either‟ dan „neither‟ di ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin singular atau pun plural (jamak)
bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah singular atau plural.
Kalaupun kata
„or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.
Example :
-
Neither John nor Bill is going to class today
-
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
-
Neither John nor his friends are going to class today
·
Rarely, Hardly,
Barely
Rarely is the adverb of frequency that indicates the intensity
of the time (how Often) while hardly and
barely is an adverb of measurement that shows to the inability / difficulty
someone untukmelakukan something all three have the same meaning.
Example :
-
Marti rarely drinks coffee
-
Do yo hardly ever get sick?
3.
ADJECTIVE
·
Definition : Adjective is a word used to
describe a noun or
pronoun that can
be either: person (person), place
(where), animal (animal),
or thing (object,
abstract concepts). This adjective is
one of the eight
parts of speech.
·
Adjective
Phrase dan Compound Adjective
Adjective
mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa. Frasa
adjective, disebut adjective phrase, merupakan kombinasi dari adjective
(sebagai head) dan modifier atau determiner.
Example
Adjective Phrase:
-
very dark chocolate
-
many young married couple
Selain itu, dua
adjective mungkin dapat bergabung untuk membentuk kata baru yang disebut
compound adjective.
Example
Compound Adjective:
-
part-time jobs
-
oil-free lotion
·
Adjective
Position
Kata sifat
mungkin menempati salah satu posisi:
-
Attributive: diletakkan di depan noun (beautiful girls)
-
Postpositive: dibelakang noun tanpa disela linking verb
(someone special)
-
Predicative: diletakkan setelah noun dengan disela
linking verb (ex: The lady is beautiful)
·
Adjective Order
Jika ada lebih
dari satu adjective di depan noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni
urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori: opinion, size, age, shape, color,
origin, material, purpose.
Example
Adjective Order:
-
two happy small blue birds (opinion – size – color)
·
Adjective
Degree
Untuk
menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adjective dalam bentuk:
-
positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She is as good
as you in math)
-
comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (Today should
be better than yesterday)
-
superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau
lebih (He was the best of all of us)
·
Adjective
Clause
Adjective
Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective, untuk
menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence.
Example Adjective
Clause:
-
The student who always goes to school by bus is my
friend.
Klause ini
mungkin direduksi (dipersingkat) – reduced adjective clause – dengan
menghilangkan relative pronoun dan mengubah kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi
participle.
Example Reduced
Adjective Clause:
-
The student always going to school by bus is my friend.
4. COMMAND
·
Definition : Command sering disebut juga sebagai Kalimat Perintah
1. Untuk
membuat kalimat perintah kita bisa menggunakan kata “command, order, tell, ask,
must, and shall”.
Contoh Kalimat:
-
My mother commanded me to help her.
(Artinya:
Ibuku memerintahku untuk membantunya)
-
The teacher ordered the students to do the exercise.
(Artinya:
guru memerintah murid-murid mengerjakan latihan)
-
I told you to be quiet.
(Artinya:
Saya menyuruhmu diam)
-
He asked me to open the window.
(Artinya:
Dia memerintahku untuk membuka jendela)
-
You must write the lessson.
(Artinya:
Kamu harus menulis/ mencatat pelajaran itu)
-
You must go home now.
(Artinya:
Kamu harus pulang sekarang)
CATATAN:
Kata
“command, order, & tell” merupakan verb (kata kerja). Sedangkan kata “ask”
digunakan dalam causative, dan kata “must & shall” merupakan modal
auxiliaries.
2. Be +
Adjective
Contoh
Kalimat:
-
Be quiet! (Artinya: Diamlah)
-
Be ready. (Artinya: Bersiaplah)
-
Be careful! (Artinya: hati-hatilah)
3. Let us
(Let’s) + Infinitives
Contoh
Kalimat:
-
Let us go now. (Artinya: Mari kita pergi sekarang)
-
Let’s study together. (Artinya: Mari kita belajar
bersama)
-
Let’s find the way out. (Artinya: Mari kita menemukan
jalan keluar)
Sumber :
