POSSESIVE PRONOUN
Definition : Pronoun is a
word used to replace people or objects. There are 5 types of personal pronouns,
ie that serves as a subject (Subject pronouns), as an object (object pronoun),
as an adjective (possessive adjectives), to declare possession (possessive
pronouns), and to declare self-reflection (reflexive or reciprocal pronouns) .
General pronoun replaces a noun that is as subject, object or complement.
Possessive pronoun is a word that shows
ownership. There are two forms of possessive pronouns is dependent (placed
before a noun) and independent (placed after a verb).
Formula :
Dependent
|
Independent
|
My
Your
His
Her
Its
Our
Their
|
Mine
Your
His
Hers
Its
Ours
Theirs
|
Example :
-This is my book. The book is mine.
-This house is theirs.
-This is your pencil and those are hers.
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES
Definition : Possessive adjective is a
determiner (special adjective) is used to denote possession (possession) of the
noun.
Formula : Possessive adjective consists of : my,
your, his, her, its, our, and their.
Example :
- My
house is the biggest one
- Your
letter was sent yesterday
- Her
skirt is beautiful
- I
like His car
- That
puppy wagged its tail
- Our
key is on the table
- Their
rules are the official rules
Possessive Adjective position
Possessive adjective in
front of a simple proper noun or can be interrupted by another determiner or an
adjective ( as modifier ) the noun phrase . For information , possessive
adjective is one of the central determiner , the determiner is placed between
the pre and post - determiner in a noun phrase .
REFLEXTIVE PRONOUNS
Definition : Reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that
refers to the perpetrator 's own activities in the sentence in question , or an
emphasis on the elements of the subject or object . This gets the suffix
pronoun - self to the singular , and the suffix - selves for the plural.
Formula :
Reflexive Pronoun
|
Arti
|
Myself
Yourself/yourselves
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
|
Saya sendiri
Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri
Mereka sendiri
Kami sendiri
Dia sendiri (laki-laki)
Dia sendiri (perempuan)
Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)
|
Example :
· She
laughed at herself.
· He
himself drives to school.
· I
myself open the door.
· My
father cooked this meal himself.
GERUND
Definition : Gerund is a word formed from the
verb (verb) plus a suffix (suffix) ing (verb + ing), functioning as a noun
(noun). Understanding others, the gerund is a noun formed from V-ing or verb
modified into a noun by adding the suffix-ing.
1. Sebagai Subjek:
Rumus Kalimat : V-ING
+
P
+ C/O
2. Sebagai Komplemen:
Rumus : S
+ TO BE
+ V-ING
3.Sebagai Objek Untuk Verb Tertentu:
Rumus : S+ V (salah satu verb diatas)+ O (V-ING)
4. Objek Posesive (Kepemilikan)
Rumus : POSSESIVE
+ V-ING
5. Objek Preposisi (Kata Depan)
Rumus : PREPOSISI + V-ING/BEING
Example :
1. Singing is my
hobby.
2. My friend’s favorite
hobby is painting.
3. After lunch he
continue working.
4. He want to know your
planning.
VERB + GERUND
- appreciate (menghargai)
- can’t help
- complete (menyelesaikan)
- deny (menyangkal)
- enjoy (menikmati)
- finish (menyelesaikan)
- dislike (tidak suka)
- prefer (lebih suka)
- start (mulai)
- stop (berhenti)
- remember (ingat)
- forget (lupa)
Example :
1. I appreciated being given
suggestions by her.
2. Has Bella admitted killing
eleven people yet?
3. Sinta always avoids
answering my questions.
Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb forget jika aktivitasnya
sudah dilakukan in the past.
VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND
Phrase pada table berikut adalah verbs + prepositions yang
selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)
- think
about (memikirkan)
- think
of (memikirkan)
- succeed
in (berhasil)
- count
on (percaya pada)
- depend
on (tergantung pada)
- insist
on (bersikeras pada)
- keep
on (meneruskan)
Note:
Walaupun diikuti oleh preposition to, phrase pada baris
kedua selalu diikuti oleh gerund. So, jangan dibingungkan dengan infinitive.
Example :
1. Have you ever thought of
studying abroad?
2. He gave up smoking because
of his doctor’s advice.
3. Jenny insisted on buying
that cellphone instead of this one.
AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Definition : Actually says so, too, and also
have the same meaning that is too, too, too. But there are differences in their
use, sodigunakan before tobe (s) and auxilliaries (helpers).
Example:
1. My wife will talk to him and so will I
2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I
3. My wife talked about it, and so did I
4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I
While too and also used after tobe (s) and auxilliaries.
Example:
1. My wife will talk to him and I will too
2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too
3. My wife talked about it, and I did also
4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also
When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that
another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition
of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by
a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on
whether so or too is used.
Ex:
1. When a form of the verb
be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple
statement that follows.
Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]
Example: I am happy and you are too.
Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.
2. When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will
go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main
clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the
subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S +
auxiliary only + too ]
Example : Edward should do his homework and
Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Example : Edward should do his homework and so
does Bella.
3. When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries
in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple
statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S +
do, does ,or did + too ]
Example : Jackson plays guitar every day and
Jessica does too.
Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so +
do, does, or did + S ]
Example :
1. Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.
2. We want to
buy a fountain, and she does too.
3. My
mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
4. My brother invites him
to the party, and my sister does too.
5. They wrote a
good poem, and so did he.
6. Fred cooked fried
rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.
AdditionalExamples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has already written her composition, and so have her
friends.
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so
should my neighbor.
7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.
8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.
Negative Agreement
Similar to the
explanation above affirmative agreement, Neither and either have the same
meaning, namely: not both, or both are not.
To Neither auxiliary verb used before, for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I
3. My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I
4. My roommate isn't going, and neither am I
Dan
untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata
"not", for example:
1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either
2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either
3. My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either
4. My roommate isn't going, and I am not either.
Another thing to note is to use tobe and auxilliaries after
the words ".. and .." should be in accordance with and auxilliaries
tobe used in the beginning of the sentence, such as:
My wife is talking about it, and so am I
My wife has talked about it, and
I have too
My roommate won't go, and neither will I
My roommate doesn't go, and
I don't either
Example :
1. The
manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his
assistant.
2. We can’t study
in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay
the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My
brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t
either.
5. He doesn’t know
the answer, and neither does she.
“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much
like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are
used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do,
does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be +
either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning
I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.
I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward
Additional examples:
1.The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the
faculty won’t either.
2. . The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and
neither could the Angels.
SUMBER :
