ADVERBS, NEGATIVE, ADJECTIVE, COMMAND

1.     Adverbs

·         Definition : Adverb is a word that is used to describe a verb (the verb), adjective (adjective), or another adverb. English adverb is one of the eight parts of speech which might form a simple (fast, there, usually), or shaped phrases.

·         The following are the types and functions of adverbs :

a.       Time (waktu)               : menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa (ex : now, today, yesterday)

b.      Manner (cara)              : menyatakan cara suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau peristiwa yang terjadi (ex : automatically, beautifully, fast)

c.       Degree (derajat)          : menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh tingkatan atau derajat suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa (ex : absolutely, barely, really)

d.      Modality (harapan)     : menyatakan tingkat keyakinan atau harapan (ex : likely, maybe, probably)

e.       Frequency                   : menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa yang dilakukan atau terjadi (ex : always, often, rarely)

f.       Place & Direction        : menyatakan tempat dan arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa (ex : here, in, somewhere)

g.      Purpose                       : menjawab pertanyaan “why” (ex : for a reason, to buy some clothes)

h.      Focus                           : menunjukkan bahwa apa yang dibicarakan terbatas pada bagian yang difokuskan (ex : also, just, only)

·         Example :

-          Time :

a.       Let’s begin to work now

b.      Yusron always come late

c.       The postman comes daily

-          Manner :

a.       The soldiers fight bravely

b.      The students compete fairly

c.       She started at me curiously

-          Degree :

a.       He came rather late

b.      She is very beautiful

c.       Rio reads quite clearly

d.      Arie sings pretty well

-          Frequency :

a.       I often forget her name

b.      She seldom visits her mother

c.       I have told you twice

-          Place :

a.       My boss is out

b.      Stay here

c.       She always looks down

2.       NEGATIVE

·         Definition : Negation is a form of negative statements. We know very well that to form negative sentences there are several ways, however, so below we will describe the forms of negation, or other forms of how to form a negative statement.

·         Negative – Either Neither

Either or neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.

[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither+ auxiliary + S2]

Neither = not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.

Example:

- They do not come late

- Brian does not come late

They do not come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian

Kalimat pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few and little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.

Example:

-          I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister

-          I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.

Gabungan Setara

Bilamana kata „either‟ dan „neither‟ di ikuti oleh „or‟ dan „nor‟kata kerja/ auxiliarynya mungkin singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟ apakah singular atau plural.

Kalaupun kata „or‟ atau „nor‟ berdiri sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah „or‟ atau „nor‟.

Example :

-          Neither John nor Bill is going to class today

-          Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.

-          Neither John nor his friends are going to class today

·         Rarely, Hardly, Barely

Rarely is the adverb of frequency that indicates the intensity of the time (how Often) while hardly and barely is an adverb of measurement that shows to the inability / difficulty someone untukmelakukan something all three have the same meaning.

Example :

-          Marti rarely drinks coffee

-          Do yo hardly ever get sick?

3.      ADJECTIVE

·         Definition : Adjective is a word used to describe a noun or pronoun that can be either: person (person), place (where), animal (animal), or thing (object, abstract concepts). This adjective is one of the eight parts of speech.

·         Adjective Phrase dan Compound Adjective

Adjective mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa. Frasa adjective, disebut adjective phrase, merupakan kombinasi dari adjective (sebagai head) dan modifier atau determiner.

Example Adjective Phrase:

-          very dark chocolate

-          many young married couple

Selain itu, dua adjective mungkin dapat bergabung untuk membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective.

Example Compound Adjective:

-          part-time jobs

-          oil-free lotion

·         Adjective Position

Kata sifat mungkin menempati salah satu posisi:

-          Attributive: diletakkan di depan noun (beautiful girls)

-          Postpositive: dibelakang noun tanpa disela linking verb (someone special)

-          Predicative: diletakkan setelah noun dengan disela linking verb (ex: The lady is beautiful)

·         Adjective Order

Jika ada lebih dari satu adjective di depan noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, purpose.

Example Adjective Order:

-          two happy small blue birds (opinion – size – color)

·         Adjective Degree

Untuk menyatakan perbandingan, dapat digunakan adjective dalam bentuk:

-          positive degree: membandingkan kesetaraan (She is as good as you in math)

-          comparative degree: untuk membandingkan dua hal (Today should be better than yesterday)

-          superlative degree: untuk membandingkan tiga hal atau lebih (He was the best of all of us)

·         Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause merupakan dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective, untuk menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence.

Example Adjective Clause:

-          The student who always goes to school by bus is my friend.

Klause ini mungkin direduksi (dipersingkat) – reduced adjective clause – dengan menghilangkan relative pronoun dan mengubah kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi participle.

Example Reduced Adjective Clause:

-          The student always going to school by bus is my friend.

4.      COMMAND 

·         Definition : Command sering disebut juga sebagai Kalimat Perintah

1.      Untuk membuat kalimat perintah kita bisa menggunakan kata “command, order, tell, ask, must,  and shall”.

Contoh Kalimat:

-          My mother commanded me to help her.

(Artinya: Ibuku memerintahku untuk membantunya)

-          The teacher ordered the students to do the exercise.

(Artinya: guru memerintah murid-murid mengerjakan latihan)

-          I told you to be quiet.

(Artinya: Saya menyuruhmu diam)

-          He asked me to open the window.

(Artinya: Dia memerintahku untuk membuka jendela)

-          You must write the lessson.

(Artinya: Kamu harus menulis/ mencatat pelajaran itu)

-          You must go home now.

(Artinya: Kamu harus pulang sekarang)

CATATAN:

Kata “command, order, & tell” merupakan verb (kata kerja). Sedangkan kata “ask” digunakan dalam causative, dan kata “must & shall” merupakan modal auxiliaries.

2.      Be + Adjective

Contoh Kalimat:

-          Be quiet! (Artinya: Diamlah)

-          Be ready. (Artinya: Bersiaplah)

-          Be careful! (Artinya: hati-hatilah)

3.      Let us (Let’s) + Infinitives

Contoh Kalimat:

-          Let us go now. (Artinya: Mari kita pergi sekarang)

-          Let’s study together. (Artinya: Mari kita belajar bersama)

-          Let’s find the way out. (Artinya: Mari kita menemukan jalan keluar)

Sumber :

http://www.tipsbelajarbahasainggris.com/8-jenis-kata-keterangan-beserta-contoh-kalimatnya/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-adverb-kata-keterangan-dalam-bahasa-inggris

http://bahasainggrisonlines.blogspot.com/2013/05/contoh-kalimat-command-and-request.html

 

Tips For Using Your Canon DSLR : Canon 600D

TIPS :

1.      Vari-angle screen

            The fold-out 1040K LCD on the Canon 600D is great for self-portraits, shooting low to the ground or above your head, and for shooting videos – but remember to turn the screen around when folding it away for added protection.

2.      Wireless flash

            Open up a whole world of flash photography possibilities by utilising the Canon EOS 600D’s wireless flash functionality. You can easily fire and control flashguns remotely, firing them with or without your 600D’s built-in flash.

3.      Creative Auto

            For those who are put off by semi-auto shooting modes such as Av and Tv, but still want to take more control of their photos, the Canon 600D has a Creative Auto mode for easily setting image brightness, background blur, flash and more.

4.      A+ Scene Intelligent Auto

            This clever automatic shooting mode analyses the scene you’re shooting in detail and picks the right camera settings – such as AWB, AE, Auto Lighting Optimizer and Auto Picture Styles – for the best result.

5.      Creative Filters

            New to Canon 600D and 60D SLRs, Creative Filter effects can be applied in-camera to images post-capture. Effects include Toy Camera, Miniature, Grainy Black & White and Fisheye.


SUMBER : http://www.photoplusmag.com/2012/03/09/canon-600d-tips-for-using-your-canon-dslr/

POSSESIVE PRONOUN, POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE, REFLEXTIVE POSSESIVE, GERUND, AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT POSSESIVE PRONOUNS

POSSESIVE PRONOUN

Definition : Pronoun is a word used to replace people or objects. There are 5 types of personal pronouns, ie that serves as a subject (Subject pronouns), as an object (object pronoun), as an adjective (possessive adjectives), to declare possession (possessive pronouns), and to declare self-reflection (reflexive or reciprocal pronouns) . General pronoun replaces a noun that is as subject, object or complement.

Possessive pronoun is a word that shows ownership. There are two forms of possessive pronouns is dependent (placed before a noun) and independent (placed after a verb).

Formula :

Dependent	Independent
My Your His Her Its Our Their	Mine Your His Hers Its Ours Theirs

Example :

-This is my book. The book is mine.

-This house is theirs.

-This is your pencil and those are hers.

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES

Definition : Possessive adjective is a determiner (special adjective) is used to denote possession (possession) of the noun.

Formula : Possessive adjective consists of : my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.

Example :

-          My house is the biggest one

-          Your letter was sent yesterday

-          Her skirt is beautiful

-          I like His car

-          That puppy wagged its tail

-          Our key is on the table

-          Their rules are the official rules

Possessive Adjective position

       Possessive adjective in front of a simple proper noun or can be interrupted by another determiner or an adjective ( as modifier ) the noun phrase . For information , possessive adjective is one of the central determiner , the determiner is placed between the pre and post - determiner in a noun phrase .

REFLEXTIVE PRONOUNS

Definition : Reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to the perpetrator 's own activities in the sentence in question , or an emphasis on the elements of the subject or object . This gets the suffix pronoun - self to the singular , and the suffix - selves for the plural.

Formula :

Reflexive Pronoun	Arti
Myself Yourself/yourselves Themselves Ourselves Himself Herself Itself	Saya sendiri Kamu sendiri/kalian sendiri Mereka sendiri Kami sendiri Dia sendiri (laki-laki) Dia sendiri (perempuan) Dia sendiri (benda atau binatang)

Example :

·         She laughed at herself.

·         He himself drives to school.

·         I myself open the door.

·         My father cooked this meal himself.

GERUND

Definition : Gerund is a word formed from the verb (verb) plus a suffix (suffix) ing (verb + ing), functioning as a noun (noun). Understanding others, the gerund is a noun formed from V-ing or verb modified into a noun by adding the suffix-ing.

1. Sebagai Subjek:

Rumus Kalimat : V-ING     +         P        +        C/O

2. Sebagai Komplemen:

Rumus : S        +       TO BE       +      V-ING

3.Sebagai Objek Untuk Verb Tertentu:

Rumus : S+ V (salah satu verb diatas)+ O (V-ING)

4. Objek Posesive  (Kepemilikan)

Rumus :  POSSESIVE    +    V-ING

5. Objek Preposisi (Kata Depan)

Rumus : PREPOSISI   +   V-ING/BEING

Example :

1.      Singing is my hobby.

2.      My friend’s favorite hobby is painting.

3.      After lunch he continue working.

4.      He want to know your planning.

VERB +  GERUND

- appreciate (menghargai)

- can’t help

- complete (menyelesaikan)

- deny (menyangkal)

- enjoy (menikmati)

- finish (menyelesaikan)

- dislike (tidak suka)

- prefer (lebih suka)

- start (mulai)

- stop (berhenti)

- remember (ingat)

- forget (lupa)

Example :

      1. I appreciated being given suggestions by her.

      2. Has Bella admitted killing eleven people yet?

      3. Sinta always avoids answering my questions.

Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb forget jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past.

VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND

Phrase pada table berikut adalah verbs + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.)

-          think about (memikirkan)

-          think of (memikirkan)

-          succeed in (berhasil)

-          count on (percaya pada)

-          depend on (tergantung pada)

-          insist on (bersikeras pada)

-          keep on (meneruskan)

Note:

Walaupun diikuti oleh preposition to, phrase pada baris kedua selalu diikuti oleh gerund. So, jangan dibingungkan dengan infinitive.

Example :

      1. Have you ever thought of studying abroad?

      2. He gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.

      3. Jenny insisted on buying that cellphone instead of this one.

AFFIRMATIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT

Definition : Actually says so, too, and also have the same meaning that is too, too, too. But there are differences in their use, sodigunakan before tobe (s) and auxilliaries (helpers).

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and so will I

2. My wife has talked about it, and so have I

3. My wife talked about it, and so did I

4. My wife is talking about it, and so am I

While too and also used after tobe (s) and auxilliaries.

Example:

1. My wife will talk to him and I will too

2. My wife has talked about it, and I have too

3. My wife talked about it, and I did also

4. My wife is talking about it, and I am also

            When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same, use the word “so” or “too”. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction “and”, followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
Ex:

1.      When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.

            Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too]

Example: I am happy and you are too.

Affirmative statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
Example: I am happy and so are you.

2. When a compound verb (auxiliary +verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc., occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]

Example : Edward should do his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]

Example : Edward should do his homework and so does Bella.

3. When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in the simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]

Example : Jackson plays guitar every day and Jessica does too.

Affirmative statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Example :

1.      Mark sung “moments” and so did Kevin.

2.      We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.

3.      My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.

4.      My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.

5.      They wrote a good poem, and so did he.

6.      Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.

AdditionalExamples:
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does too.

2. They will leave at noon, and I will too.

3. He has an early appointment, and so do I.

4. She has already written her composition, and so have her friends.

5. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.

6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.

7. We like to swim in the pool, and they do too.

8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so do we.

9. He has lived in Mexico for five years, and you have too.

10. I must write them a letter, and she must too.

  

Negative Agreement

       Similar to the explanation above affirmative agreement, Neither and either have the same meaning, namely: not both, or both are not.

To Neither auxiliary verb used before, for example:

1. My roommate won't go, and neither will I

2. My roommate hasn't gone, and neither have I

3. My roommate doesn't go, and neither do I

4. My roommate isn't going, and neither am I

Dan untuk either digunakan setelah auxilliary verb dan kata "not", for example:

1. My roommate won't go, and I won't(will not) either

2. My roommate hasn't gone, and I haven't either 

3. My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

4. My roommate isn't going, and I am not either.

Another thing to note is to use tobe and auxilliaries after the words ".. and .." should be in accordance with and auxilliaries tobe used in the beginning of the sentence, such as:

My wife is talking about it, and so am I

My wife has talked about it, and I have too

My roommate won't go, and neither will I

My roommate doesn't go, and I don't either

Example :

1.      The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.

2.      We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.

3.      You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.

4.      My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.

5.      He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.

“Either” and “neither” function in simple statements much like “so” and “too” in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.

Negative statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]

Examples:
I didn’t see Bella this morning. Edward didn’t see Bella this morning 

I didn’t see Bella this morning and Edward didn’t either.

I didn’t see Bella this morning and neither did Edward

Additional examples:

1.The students won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.

2. . The Yankees couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.

SUMBER :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-dan-contoh-kalimat-possessive-adjectives

http://fnflife.blogspot.com/2010/07/affirmative-negative-aggrement.html